2nd millennium BC

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Categories: 2nd millennium BC

(3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia)

Contents 1 Events 1.1 First half (2000-1500 BC) 1.2 The break in the middle (c. 1600-1500 BC) 1.3 Second half (1500-1000 BC) 1.4 Specific events 2 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 3 Cultures 4 Significant people 5 Cultural landmarks 6 Centuries

Events

To grasp the spirit of the 2nd millennium BC, we must divide it in two parts, for there is a period of change around its middle so important that it creates two separate "sub-millennia".

First half (2000-1500 BC)

The first part of the millennium is a time a bit less colorful than others, a lull in the history of Ancient Near East, still living in the shadow of greater past times, and spending all energies in trying to recuperate from the deeply anarchic situation that was at the turn of the millenium. Even the most powerful civilizations of the time, Egypt and Mesopotamia, were having what could be called a low-profile period, aiming at modest, realistic goals. The Pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and their contemporary Kings of Babylon, of Amorite origin, brought good governance without too much tyranny, favoured elegant art and architecture without overblown exageration, painstakingly achieved a good general balance that lasted only a short while.

Egypt and Babylonia's military tactics were still based on foot soldiers transporting their equipment on donkeys. Combined with a weak economy and difficulty in maintaining order, this was a fragile situation that crumbled under the pressure of external forces they could not oppose.

The break in the middle (c. 1600-1500 BC)

About a century before the middle of the millennium, bands of Indo-European invaders bursted from their Central Asia plains and swept through the Near East like a series of electroshocks. They were riding fast two-wheeled chariots powered by horses, a system of weaponry developed earlier within the context of plains warfare, that nobody among the classical oriental civilizations had ever seen before. Egypt and Babylonia's foot soldiers were simply no match for them, and all kingdoms across the Near East quickly fell, even in powerful Egypt where the new invaders, known as the Hyksos, put an end to the Middle Kingdom.

Second half (1500-1000 BC)

The peoples in place were quick to adapt to the new tactics, and a whole new international situation resulted from the change. For most of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, the Ancient Near East became a giant chessboard where several regional powers competed endlessly for hegemony, rolling their chariots at full speed in all directions. These actually became very colorful times, with new emphasis on grandiose architecture, new clothing fashions, vivid diplomatic correspondence on clay tablets, renewed economic exchanges, and the New Kingdom of Egypt playing the role of the main superpower. Among the great states of the time, only Babylon refrained from taking part in the rolling chessgame, satisfied with its prestigious new position as the World's religious and intellectual capital.

This was the Bronze Age civilization at its final and brightest period of time, with all its caracteristic social traits : low level of urbanization, small cities centered around temples or royal palaces, strict separation of classes between an illiterate mass and a powerful military elite, knowledge of writing and education reserved to a tiny minority of scribes, brilliant aristocratic life.

Near the end of the 2nd millennium BC, new waves of barbarians, riding on horseback this time, wholly destroyed the Bronze Age world, and were to be followed by waves of social changes that marked the begining of very different times. Also contributing to the changes where the Sea Peoples, ship-faring raiders of the Mediterranean Sea.

Specific events

• Second dynasty of Babylon
• First Bantu migrations from West Africa
• The Cushites drive the original inhabitants from Ethiopia, and establish trade relations with Egypt.
• Middle Kingdom in Egypt (2052–1570 BC)
• Hittites Old Kingdom in Anatolia (1900 BC)
• Civilization in Canaan (1800 BC)
• Egyptian domination over Canaan and Syria (1600–1360 BC)
• Athens founded (1235 BC)
• Conquest of Canaan by the Israelites
• Beginnings of Judaism (1200 BC)
• Fall of Troy (traditional date 1184 BC)

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• Development of the alphabet
• Horse domesticated
• Indians developed caste system
• Chinese record the earliest known sighting of a comet
• Earliest known use of Chinese ideograms
• Beginning of the Iron Age: discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Anatolia or the Caucasus in the late 2nd millennium BC.

Cultures

• Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica
• Middle Elamite period
• Oxus civilization
• Andronovo culture, Central Asia
• Aegean civilization
• Mycenaean civilization (c. 1600 BC–1200 BC)
• Beaker culture (ca. 2200 to 1800 BC)
• Unetice culture (ca 1800 to 1600 BC)
• Tumulus culture (ca. 1600 to 1200 BC)
• Urnfield culture (ca. 1300 to 750 BC)

Significant people

• Moses, Israelite Leader of the Exodus. Legendary figure. May have lived between the 18th century BC and the 13th century BC.
• Hammurabi, Babylonian king and law maker(1792–1745 BC)
• Pharaoh Kamose of the Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1573 BC - 1570 BC).
• Pharaoh Ahmose I of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1570 BC - 1546 BC).
• Pharaoh Amenhotep I of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1546 BC - 1524 BC).
• Pharaoh Thutmose I of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1525 BC - 1518 BC).
• Pharaoh Thutmose II of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1518 BC - 1504 BC).
• Pharaoh Thutmose III of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1503 BC - 1450 BC).
• Pharaoh Hatshepsut of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1498 BC - 1483 BC).
• Pharaoh Amenhotep II of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1453 BC - 1419 BC.
• Pharaoh Thutmose IV of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1453 BC - 1386 BC).
• Pharaoh Amenhotep III of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1386 BC - 1349 BC).
• Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1350 BC - 1334 BC.
• Pharaoh Smenkhkare of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1336 BC - 1334 BC0.
• Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1334 BC - 1325 BC).
• Pharaoh Ay of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1325 BC - 1321 BC).
• Pharaoh Horemheb of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1321 BC - 1293 BC).
• Pharaoh Ramesses I of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1293 BC - 1291 BC).
• Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1291 BC - 1278 BC).
• Pharaoh Ramesses II of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1279 BC - 1212 BC).
• Shalmaneser I, King of Assyria (reigned 1274 - 1245 BC).
• Theseus. Legendary King of Athens, credited with the political unification of Attica under Athens (reign estimated to 1234 BC - 1204 BC or 1213 BC).
• Pharaoh Merneptah of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1212 BC - 1202 BC).

Cultural landmarks

Centuries

20th century BC 19th century BC 18th century BC 17th century BC 16th century BC 15th century BC 14th century BC 13th century BC 12th century BC 11th century BCbg:2 хилядолетие пр.н.е. da:2. årtusinde f.Kr. de:2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. el:2η χιλιετία π.Χ. es:II milenio adC fr:IIe millénaire av. J.-C. it:II millennio AC la:Millennium 2 a.C.n. lb:2. Joerdausend v. Chr. hu:I.e. 2. évezred ja:紀元前2千年紀 pt:Segundo milénio a.C. ru:2 тысячелетие до н. э. tt:MA 2. meñyıllıq ur:1000مقم