Chalukya
Categories: Ruling clans of India
The Chalukya Dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between 550 and 750, and again between 973 and 1190.They were one clan of 96 Maratha clans.
The generally accepted view about the origin of the Chalukyas is that they were not foreigners, but very much the natives of Karnataka. Dr. S. C. Sircar believes that they were an indigenous Kannada family that claimed the status of the Kshatriyas. Prof. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri , Sri. N. Laxminarayana Rao and Prof. S. C. Nandinath have emphatically asserted that the Chalukyas were Kannadigas and very much the natives of Karnataka. They encouraged Kannada language and literature; their inscriptions are in Kannada besides being in Sanskrit. As N. Laxminarayana Rao points out, some of the names of the Chalukya rulers end in a typical Kannada regal suffix, arasa or King. The Rashtrakuta inscriptions speak of the Chalukyas as 'Karnataka Bala'. In fact, there appears to be a close historical link between the Chalukyas and the Kadambas. Both claimed to belong to the Manavya Gotra and described themselves as Haritiputra. It is argued that the Chalukyas stepped into the shoed of their erstwhile masters, the Kadambas. (Ref: arthikaje, Mangalore, India - History of Karnataka)
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Early History
The dynasty was established by Pulakesi I in 550. Pulakesi I took Vatapi (now the town of Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital. His sons established the frontiers of his empire to extend over most of what is now the Indian state of Karnataka.
Pulakesi II
Pulakesi II, who ascended the throne in 608, is certainly the most famous and most recognized ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.
Pulakesi II started out consolidating his kingdom by conducting minor campaigns against the Alupas, Gangas and others. He clashed successfully with the Pallava empire in Tamil Nadu, and also conquered the Cheras and the Pandyas. In 609, he appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as the Viceroy of Vengi, who subsequently declared his independence and established the Eastern Chalukya Empire.
His most famous military success came in c. 615, when he clashed with Harshavardhana, the famous ruler of Northern India, who already had the title Uttarapatheshvara (Lord of the North). Pulakesi II won the war and came to a treaty with Harshavardhana, a treaty which marked the Narmada river as the border between the Chalukya Empire and that of Harshavardhana. With this conquest, Pulakesi's control extended completely over Southern India, including Maharashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. However, the war depleted the treasury sufficiently that Pulakesi stopped his expansionary campaigns. He received the title Dakshinapatheshvara (Lord of the South) at around the same time.
Pulakesi went on to exchange ambassadors with the Shah of Persia - his reception of the Persian ambassador is depicted in one of the paintings in the Ajanta caves. The Chinese traveller Hsuan Tsang, who visited India in the 7th century, wrote admiringly of Pulakesi and his Empire.
The clashes with the Pallava empire continued intermittently during his rule. Pulakesi was finally defeated by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman in 642. He died in the battle after around 36 years of rule(He was old).
The Chalukya Empire was restored in 655 by Vikramaditya I; the clashes with the Pallava Empire continued until Vikramaditya II won a comprehensive victory against the Pallavas in 740. The Chalukya Empire was again overthrown in 750 by the Rashtrakutas.
The Kalyani Chalukyas
During the 970s, Tailapa II, a scion the Chalukya dynasty, overthrew the Rashtrakutas and recovered most of the Chalukya empire, except for Gujarat. Kalyani was the capital of the empire, and the Chalukyas of this period are known as the Kalyani Chalukyas. This time around, the Chalukyas kept clashing intermittently with the Chola empire in Tamil Nadu. Someshvara I, also known as Ahavamalla, defeated the Chola king Rajadhiraja Chola in 1052. Vikramaditya VI (ruled 1076-1126), also known as Vikramanka, was the next famous ruler of the dynasty.
The Chalukya dynasty went into decline after Vikramanka's death. In 1190, the Empire succumbed to the Hoysalas of Dvarasamudra and the Yadavas of Yadugiri.
Legacy
The most enduring legacy of the Chalukya Dynasty is the architecture and art that they left. The rock-cut temples of Badami and Aihole, and the some of the celebrated paintings and sculptures of the Ellora and Ajanta caves are examples of the art that the Chalukya Empire patronized.
List of Chalukya rulers
Chalukyas of Badami
- Pulakesi I (543-566)
- Kirtivarman I (566-597)
- Mangalesa (597-609)
- Pulakesi II (609-642)
- Vikramaditya I (655-680)
- Vinayaditya (680-696)
- Vijayaditya (696-733)
- Vikramaditya II (733-746)
- Kirtivarman II (746-757)
Chalukyas of Kalyani
- Tailapa Ahavamalla (973-997)
- Satyasraya Irivabedanga (997-1008)
- Vikramaditya I (1008-1014)
- Ayyana (1014-1015)
- Jayasimha (1015-1042)
- Someshvara I (1042-1068)
- Someshvara II (1068-1076)
- Vikramaditya II (1076-1127)
- Someshvara III (1127-1138)
- Jagadekamalla (1138-1151)
- Tailapa (1151-1156)
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6th century BCE |
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