Crown of St. Stephen
Categories: Crowns | Habsburg | History of Hungary | History of Austria
The Holy Crown of Hungary is the crown used to inaugurate hungarian kings since the 13th century. The Crown was bound to the Lands of the Crown of St Stephen (historical Hungary). Since then, no king of Hungary has been truly legitimised without being crowned with it.
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Fate of St. Stephan's original crown
The crowning of István, the first Christian king of Hungary who was later canonized St. Stephen, marks the beginning of Hungarian statehood. The date is variously given as Christmas 1000 or 1 January 1001. However, the currently venerated crown is not identical to the original one sent to St. Stephen of Hungary ("Szent István") by Pope Sylvester II in the year 1000. In year 1038 King Stephen I passed away without a direct heir after the tragic early death of his only son, Saint Prince Imre. On his deathbed the elderly king offered his country into the graces of Virgin Mary (declaring her Patrona Hungariae) and sent the crown back to the Vatican to symbolize this submission. There it hung in an underpass, encased in a glass box, venerated until the early 16th century, when it was allegedly stolen at the height of corrupt papacy.
The Holy Crown of Hungary
Composition
It is said that the so-called "St. Stephen" crown, contained in the present collection of royal regalia, was produced in three stages in the 11th and 13th centuries. Some scholars in Hungary, however, hold that the present St. Stephen crown is the original one. This is highly unlikely, because the crown's makeshift nature is apparent in many details. The small gold cross at the top is fixed in place by a screw which crudely penetrates Jesus's stomach, as such it is sacrilegious. Several apostle's pictures overlap each other or are out of sync. Thus the crown could not originate in its present form in any established monarch's jewelry shop and must be an amalgam of diverse pieces of dismantled quality insignia. This claim is supported by the crown's weird geometry, it requires very large padding inserts to fit a normal adult's head and its weight and bad balance are extremely demanding on the neck, banning regular use. It is said emperor Charles I (IV) almost fell from the horse during the 1916 coronations, when the crown suddenly tilted forward and obscured his sight.
According to the official theory the Crown consists of two pieces. The theory holds that the lower part is a Byzantine crown (Corona Graeca), dating from the 1070s. Its enamel medalions indicate that it was a gift of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VII Dukas to the Byzantine princess Synadene, wife of the Hungarian King Géza I (1074-75). The upper part is cross-shaped, and originally probably had some other symbolism. It sits at an angle, and has done since at least 1790; there is no single convincing theory as to how the damage occurred. [1] From its Latin inscriptions it is known as the Corona Latina. It is said that the two parts were joined into the present shape probably around 1200, at the time of King Béla III.
Legal personality concept of the crown
The crown's raw gold and jewelry value was assessed at a mere 20.000 gold forints in the early 19th century, but its artistic value and spiritual power are immense. Charles Robert (Charles I of Hungary) had to be crowned three times because it was not until he was crowned with St Stephen's Crown, in 1310, that the coronation was seen as legally binding. Another, more recent, example of the powers of the Crown is the fact that inter-war Hungary - after the last Habsburg king of Hungary, Charles IV, tried a failed coup and was dethroned in 1921 - remained a kingdom without a king until 1946.
In such times Virgin Mary would be considered a formal monarch of Hungary, but this venue was not pursued due to regent-governor Horthy's protestant religion. Instead the favoured idea was "Szent Korona Állameszmény", which assigned legal personhood to the Holy Crown and declared that all state powers of the monarch or the government stem solely from the sacred powers of the headgear. A monarch or a regert was formally seen as a mere arm for the crown. The concept was much abused to push Hungary into a retrograd, ultra-right policy of territorial re-gains, which ultimately tied the country to Hitler's Third Reich and ended in severe WWII destruction.
The present day use of the Holy Crown in hungarian state heraldry and official papers is still controversial with neighbouring countries who continue to suspect that it represents magyar intentions to reclaim the medieval "three-seas" Hungarian Empire (Adriactic, Baltic and Black Sea). People of Hungary generally respect the crown as a symbolic reminder of the nation's successful survival through a millenia of turbulent central european history, but are deeply diveded over the conservative political movements' efforts to claim specific powers for the crown. The liberals and leftists sometimes call the relic a "bohócsapka" (clown's hat) or "szennykorona" (dirt crown) based on cosmopolitic opposition to provincialism and nationalism.
The regalia in modern times
The Holy Crown has had a lively history, having been stolen, hidden, lost and taken abroad many times. It was last returned to Hungary from Fort Knox, Kentucky, USA in 1978. Prior to this Cold War era gesture extensive historical research was conducted in Hungary to assure the returned items are genuine. Most of sound academic knowledge about hungarian royal garments originates from this modern research. After the fall of Communism, the crown made its return to the national coat of arms in 1989, the National Assembly choosing the pre-war coat of arms in favour of the crown-less Kossuth arms of 1848-49.
In a unique case in Europe, almost the entire medieval ensemble of coronation insignia survived. On January 1, 2000, the Holy Crown of Hungary was moved to the building of the Hungarian Parliament from the Hungarian National Museum. The sceptre, orb and the coronation sword were also moved to the Parliament.
The very large Coronation Mantle remains in a neutral gas glass vault at the National Museum due to its delicate, faint condition. Unlike the crown and accompanying insignia, the originally red coloured mantle is considered genuine to King Stephanus I, it was made circa 1030. Codexes describe the robe as a donation handywork of the queen and her sorors and the mantle's middle back bears the king's only known portrait (which shows his crown was not the currently existing one). Circular inscription sewing in latin identifies the coat as a piece of bishop's wardrobe for the sacred mass.
The sceptre is considered the artistically most valuable piece of the hungarian royal inventory. It contains a solid mountain crystal ball decorated with engraved lions, a rare product of the 10th century middle-eastern Selenida empire. Its handle contains a wooden rod surrounded by very fine wrought silver ornaments. The only missing items are the king's socks which were badly deteriorated and had to be burned in late 1945, after spending a part of WWII buried.
The ceremonial straight sword kept in the Holy Crown collection is a 14th century italian product. However, the original daily use sword of Stephanus I survives in Prague's Saint Vid cathedral since 1368. The good condition of this short-bladed (60cm ~ 2ft) ivory-decorated normann sword pays homage to the art of smithes at Ulfbreht, a 10th century viking steelwork on the Rhine. Although the sword regularly visits Hungary as a museum loan, it has never been featured in hungarian royal inaugurations.
The titular lance of King Stephanus I (as seen on the Mantle portrait) was reportedly obtained by the Holy Roman Emperors circa 1100.
See also