List of Holy Roman Emperors
Categories: Holy Roman Empire | Holy Roman emperors | Lists of monarchs
The following list of Holy Roman Emperors is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents.
This page lists those considered Holy Roman Emperors from the time of Charlemagne until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. For the early rulers in this list, the title Holy Roman Emperor is anachronistic – Charlemagne, for instance, variously called himself imperator Romanorum ("emperor of the Romans") and imperator Romanum gubernans imperium ("emperor ruling the Roman Empire"), and many simply used the title imperator ("emperor"). However, most contemporaries and historians consider the rulers in this list to represent a historically continuous sequence.
Charlemagne received his imperial title when crowned by Pope Leo III. Subsequently, a papal coronation was considered a prerequisite for becoming emperor. After the coronation of Otto I, the imperial title became a prerogative of the ruler of Germany; however, while not all German rulers were crowned, the numbering of the various rulers reflects the complete list of German monarchs, so there are gaps in the sequence of ordinals in a strictly imperial list. For instance, King Henry the Fowler was never crowned as emperor and is thus not on this list; nevertheless, his great-grandson, who was crowned, is referred to as Henry II, not Henry I.
This situation changed somewhat in the early modern period. In 1508, Maximilian I, after a failed move towards Rome, was granted permission by the pope to call himself imperator electus, or emperor-elect. His successor Charles V was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1530, but Ferdinand I and all his successors did not seek a papal coronation and remained emperors-elect. In common usage this title was elided to just imperator, and all emperors-elect are included in this list.
Carolingian Dynasty
- Charles I the Great, 800-814
- Louis I the Pious, 814-840
- Lothair I, 843-855
- Louis II, 855-875
- Charles II the Bald, 875-877
- Charles III the Fat, 881-887
Spoleto
- Guy of Spoleto, 891-894
- Lambert of Spoleto, 894-898
Carolingian Dynasty
- Arnulf of Carinthia, 896-899
- Louis III the Blind, 901-905
- Berengar of Friuli, 915-924
Ottonian (Saxon) Dynasty
- Otto I the Great, 962-973
- Otto II, 973-983
- Otto III, 996-1002
- Henry II the Saint, 1014-1024
Salian (Frankish) Dynasty
Supplinburger
- Lothair, 1133-1137 (note that this ruler is sometimes called Lothair II and sometimes Lothair III, depending on whether Lothair II of Lotharingia is included in the sequence of German kings)
Staufen (or Hohenstaufen dynasty)
- Frederick I Barbarossa, 1155-1190
- Henry VI, 1191-1197
Welf Dynasty
- Otto IV of Brunswick, 1209-1215 (d.1218)
Staufen (or Hohenstaufen dynasty)
- Frederick II, 1220-1250
Luxembourg
- Henry VII, 1312-1313
Wittelsbach
- Louis IV the Bavarian, 1328-1347
Luxembourg
- Charles IV, 1355-1378
- Sigismund, 1433-1437
Habsburg
- Frederick III, 1440-1493
- Maximilian I, 1493-1519
- Charles V, emperor-elect 1519-1530, emperor 1530-1556
- Ferdinand I, 1556-1564
- Maximilian II, 1564-1576
- Rudolf II, 1576-1612
- Matthias, 1612-1619
- Ferdinand II, 1619-1637
- Ferdinand III, 1637-1657
- Leopold I, 1658-1705
- Joseph I, 1705-1711
- Charles VI, 1711-1740
Wittelsbach
- Charles VII Albert, 1742-1745
Habsburg-Lorraine
- Francis I, 1745-1765
- Joseph II, 1765-1790
- Leopold II, 1790-1792
- Francis II, 1792-1806pt:Lista de Imperadores do Sacro Império Romano
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