Society
Categories: Pages needing attention | Human societies | Sociology
| This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. |
| Human social statistics | |
|---|---|
| Head of Planet | As of 2005- the theoretical highest ranking office in the world is the UN Secretary-General. The United Nations is a loose governmental body that in some ways acts as a world government but has very little power or jurisdiction. |
| Government | Many individual nations- most nations are members of the United Nations. Head: Kofi Annan, a loose governmental body that promotes world peace although it has no real power. |
| Largest agglomerations | Tokyo, New York City, Mexico City, Seoul, São Paulo, Mumbai |
| Languages (2000 est.) | Mandarin Chinese 14.37 %, Hindi 6.02 %, English 5.61 %, Spanish 5.59 %, Turkish 4.59 % , Bengali 3.4 %, Russian 2.75 %, Portuguese 2.63 %, Japanese 2.06 %, German 1.64 %, Korean 1.28 %, French 1.27 %, others |
| Religion (2002 est.) | Christian 32.71 %, Muslim 19.67 %, non-religious 14.84 %, Hindu 13.28 %, others 13.05 %, Buddhist 5.84 % |
| Population (July 2005 est.) | |
| - Total | 6,446,131,400 |
| - Density | 12.6 per km² (by total area) 43.1 per km² (by land area) |
| Economy | |
| Currencies | US dollar, Japanese yen, Euro, UK pound, Australian dollar, others |
| GDP (2003 est.) | |
| -PPP | $51,656,251 million IND |
| per capita | $8,236 IND |
| -Nominal | $36,356,240 million USD |
| per capita | $5,797 USD |
- For the Brian Yuzna film, see Society (film). For the song by the California punk band Pennywise, see Society (song).
A society is a group of beings distinguishable from other groups by mutual interests, characteristic relationships, shared institutions and a common culture.
Contents |
Definitions
The social sciences use the term society to mean a group of people that form a semi-closed (or semi-open) social system, in which most interactions are with other individuals belonging to the group. More abstractly, a society is defined as a network of relationships between social entities. A society is also sometimes defined as an interdependent community, but the sociologist Tonnies seek to draw a contrast between a society and a community.
The English word society emerged in the 14th century and was derived from the French word société. In turn, this had its origin in the Latin societas, a "friendly association with others", from socius meaning "companion, associate, comrade or business partner". Thus the meaning of society is closely related to what is considered to be social. Implicit in the meaning of society is that its members share some mutual concern or interest, a common objective or common characteristics. As such, society is often used as synonymous with the collective citizenry of a country as directed through national institutions concerned with civic welfare.
Organization of society
Typology
Human societies are often organized according to their primary means of subsistence: social scientists identify hunter-gatherer societies, nomadic pastoral societies, horticulturalist or simple farming societies, and intensive agricultural societies, also called civilizations. Some consider Industrial and Post-Industrial societies to be separate from traditional agricultural societies.
Social support
One Common theme for societies in general is that societies serve to aid individuals in a time of crisis; historically, when an individual in some community requires aid, for example at birth, death, sickness, or disaster, like-minded members of that community will rally others in that society to render aid, in some form, whether the aid is symbolic, linguistic, physical, mental, emotional, financial, medical, religious, etc.
Ceremony and prestige
Many societies will also distribute largess, at the behest of some individual or some larger group of people. This type of generosity can be seen in all known cultures; typically, prestige or other cultural factor accrues to the generous individual or group.
Social obligation
Some societies will bestow a status on some individual or larger group of people, when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action; This type of recognition is bestowed by members of that society on the individual or larger group in the form of some name, or title, or dress, or monetary reward, etc. Males especially are susceptible to this type of action and subsequent reward, even at the risk of their lives. Action by some individual or larger group in behalf of some ideal of their culture is seen in all societies.
Common attributes of societies
Even subsistence-based societies exhibit the characteristics of community action, generosity, and shared risk/reward, in common with other more technology-based civilizations.
Political power at the basis for some societies
Societies can also be organized according to their political structure: in order of increasing size and complexity, there are band societies, tribes, chiefdoms, and state societies, with varying degrees of political power, depending on the what cultural geographical, historical environments that these societies have to contend with.
Thus, when a society exists at the same time as other societies at the same level of technology and culture, but is also isolated geographically, that society is more likely to survive than an equivalent society which is prey to others which can encroach on their resources. See the history article for examples.
Competition between societies
But a society which is not able to offer an effective response to other societies which may be in competition with them will ultimately be subsumed into the culture of the competing society. See the technology article for examples.
Shared belief
Peoples of many nations united by common political and cultural traditions, beliefs, or values are sometimes also said to be a society (for example: Judeo-Christian, Eastern, Western, etc). When used in this context, the term is being used as a means of contrasting two or more "societies" whose representative members represent alternative conflicting and competing worldviews.
Learned societies
Also, some academic, learned and scholarly societies and associations, such as the American Society of Mathematics, describe themselves as societies. In the United Kingdom these are normally non-profit making and have charitable status. In science they range in size to include national scientific societies including the Royal Society to regional natural history societies. Academic societies may have interest in a wide range of subjects, including the arts, humanities and science.
Commercial definition
In the United States and France, the term "society" is used in commerce to denote a partnership between investors or to start a business. In the United Kingdom, partnerships are not called societies but cooperatives or mutuals are often known as societies (such as friendly societies and building societies).
Ontology
As a related note, there is still an ongoing debate in sociological and anthropological circles if there exists an entity we could call society. Some Marxist theorists, like Louis Althusser, Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Zizek, argued that society is nothing more than an effect of the ruling ideology of a certain class system, and shouldn't be used as a sociological notion. Marx's concept of society as the sum total of social relations among members of a community contrasts with interpretations from the perspective of methodological individualism where society is simply the sum total of individuals in a territory.
See also
References
Note 1: Definition of Society from the OED.
- Lecture notes on "Defining Society" from East Carolina University.
- Learning Commons - What is Culture ? - Glossary Item - Society
- Raymond Williams, "Society", in: Williams, Key Words: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Fontana, 1976.an:Soziedá
ast:Sociedá bg:Общество bn:সমাজ cs:Společnost da:Society de:Gesellschaft es:Sociedad et:Ühiskond fr:Société hi:समाज hr:Društvo hu:Társadalom ja:社会 ko:사회 nb:Samfunn nl:Maatschappij nn:Samfunn no:Samfunn pl:Społeczeństwo pt:Sociedade ru:Общество simple:Society sv:Samhälle uk:Суспільство zh-min-nan:Siā-hōe