Spartacist League

Categories: Weimar Republic | Rebellion

This article is about the Spartacist League which existed in post-World War I Germany. See International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) for the group currently named the Spartacist League.

The Spartacist League (Spartakusbund in German) was a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I. It was founded by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg (nicknamed "Red Rosa") along with others such as Clara Zetkin. Its greatest period of activity was during the German Revolution of 1918, when it sought to incite a revolution similar to that of the Bolsheviks in Russia by circulating illegal subversive publications, such as the newspaper Spartacus Letters. The League was named after Spartacus, leader of the largest slave rebellion in the history of the Roman Republic. In December of 1918, the League joined the Comintern and renamed itself the Communist Party of Germany (usually abbreviated "KPD", for Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands); on January 1, 1919, the Spartacist League/KPD executed a short-lived Communist revolution in Berlin (against the protests of Luxemburg and Liebknecht), which was easily crushed by the government of the new Weimar Republic.

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History

Both Luxemburg and Liebknecht were prominent members of the left wing faction of the German Social-Democratic Party (SPD). Liebknecht was the son of SPD founder Wilhelm Liebknecht. They moved to found an independent organization after the SPD decided to support the German government's decision to declare war on Russia in 1914, beginning what would later be known as World War I. Besides their opposition to what they saw as an imperialist war, Luxemburg and Liebknecht maintained the need for revolutionary methods, in contrast to the leadership of the SPD, who had decided to participate in the parliamentary process.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Spartacists decided to agitate for a similar course, a government based on local workers' councils (soviets) in Germany. Liebknecht and Luxemburg were imprisoned from 1916 until 1918 for their roles in helping to organize a public demonstration in Berlin against German involvement in the war. After the November revolution which overthrew the Kaiser and led to the end of World War I, a period of instability and revolutions began, which would last until 1923. Liebknecht declared a socialist republic in Germany from a balcony of the Kaiser's Berlin City Palace in November of 1918, on the same night that Philipp Scheidemann of the SPD declared the Weimar Republic from the Reichstag.

Image:Spartacus fight.JPG
Communists of the Spartacist League fighting in the streets of Berlin during the German Revolution 1918-1919

In December 1918, the Spartakusbund became the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), the German affiliate of the Communist International (Comintern). On January 1, 1919, the KPD attempted to take control of Berlin in what came to be known as the Spartakus uprising. This occurred against the advice of Luxemburg, who argued that an uprising was premature since the Spartakusbund was too weak and not enough of the working class had come over to its side.

The attempted revolution was crushed by the combined forces of the SPD, the remnants of the German Army, and the right-wing paramilitary groups known as the Freikorps, on the orders of chancellor Friedrich Ebert. Luxemburg and Liebknecht, among many others, were killed while held prisoner by the Freikorps, and their bodies dumped in a river. Hundreds of Spartacists were executed in the weeks following the uprising.

The remains of the Spartacist League continued as the KPD, which retained the League's newspaper, die Rote Fahne (Red Flag), as its publication. After World War II, the Soviet occupation force in East Germany merged the KPD with the SPD in areas under its control, and created the Socialist Unity Party (SED). The SED became the ruling party of East Germany.

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The Spartacist Manifesto of 1918

One of the most notable parts of the Spartacist Manifesto (published in 1918) is the following:

The question today is not democracy or dictatorship. The question that history has put on the agenda reads: bourgeois democracy or socialist democracy. For the dictatorship of the proletariat does not mean bombs, putsches (coups), riots and anarchy, as the agents of capitalist profits deliberately and falsely claim. Rather, it means using all instruments of political power to achieve socialism, to expropriate the capitalist class, through and in accordance with the will of the revolutionary majority of the proletariat.
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Prominent members of the Spartacist League

See also : Luxembourgism

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External link

de:Spartakusbund ko:스파르타쿠스단 it:Lega Spartachista nl:Spartacusbond sr:Спартакистичка лига sv:Spartacusförbundet