Tibeto-Burman languages
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Categories: Tibeto-Burman languages
The Tibeto-Burman linguistic subfamily of the proposed Sino-Tibetan language family is spoken in various central and south Asian countries: Myanmar (the Burmese language as well as the languages of minorities like the Karens and Kachins), Tibet (Tibetan language), northern Thailand (Lahu, Lisu, Akha languages), southern China, Nepal, Bhutan, India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir), and western Pakistan (Balti language).
The subfamily includes approximately 350 languages; Burmese has the most speakers (approximately 32 million). Approximately six million Tibetans speak one of several related languages.
Some linguists have now scrapped the idea of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and have elevated Tibeto-Burman to displace Sino-Tibetan as the top-tier language family, with the Chinese languages classified as a branch of the Tibeto-Burman family.
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Classification
Following is a partial listing of Tibeto-Burman languages.
Bradley (1997)
I. Bodic (a.k.a. Western)
- A. Bodish
- i. Central Bodish (a.k.a. Tibetan)
- a. Western Tibetan
- b. Central Tibetan
- i) Western
- ii) mNgaẖris
- iii) gTsang
- iv) dBus (a.k.a. 'Central' Central Tibetan)
- v) Southern Tibetan
- c. Amdo Tibetan (a.k.a. Northeastern Tibetan)
- d. Khams Tibetan (a.k.a. Southeastern Tibetan)
- ii. West Bodish (a.k.a. Gurung, Tamang)
- iii. East Bodish (a.k.a. Bumthang)
- iv. Tshangla (a.k.a. East Bodic)
- v. West Himalayish (a.k.a. Kanauri)
- i. Central Bodish (a.k.a. Tibetan)
- B. Himalayan
- i. Central
- ii. Kiranti
II. North-East India (a.k.a. Sal)
- A. Bobo-Garo
- i. Northern Naga
- B. Jinghpaw
- C. Luish (a.k.a. Sak)
- D. Pyu
III. Kuki-Chin
- A. Southern Naga
- B. Kuki
- C. Chin
- D. Arleng
IV. Central
- A. Lepcha
- B. Western Arunachal
- C. Adi-Mising- Nishi (a.k.a. Abor-Miri-Dafla, Tani)
- D. Digarish 'Mishmi'
- E. Keman 'Mishmi'
- F. Rawang (a.k.a. Nungish)
V. North-Eastern
VI. South-Eastern
- A. Burmese-Lolo (a.k.a. Burmic)
- i. Mru
- ii. Gong
- iii. Burmish
- iv. Loloish
- a. Northern
- b. Central
- c. Southern
- B. Karen
Shafer (1966-1974)
Sino-Tibetan:
I. Sinitic
II. Daic
III. Bodic
IV. Burmic
V. Baric
VI. Karenic
Ethnologue
I. Bai
II. Himalayish
- A. Mahakiranti
- i. Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwari
- a. Chepang
- b. Kham
- c. Magar
- d. Sunwari
- ii. Kiranti
- a. Tomyang
- b. Eastern
- c. Western
- iii. Newari
- i. Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwari
- B. Tibeto-Kanauri
- C. Baima (unclassified)
III. Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo
- A. Jingpho-Luish
- B. Konyak-Bodo-Garo
IV. Karen
- A. Pa’o
- B. Zayein
- C. Pwo
- D. Sgaw-Bghai
- i. Bghai
- ii. Brek
- iii. Kayah
- iv. Sgaw
- E. Zayein Karen (unclassified)
V. Kuki-Chin-Naga
- A. Kuki-Chin
- i. Central
- ii. Northern
- iii. Southern
- B. Naga
- i. Angami-Pochuri
- ii. Ao
- iii. Tangkhul
- iv. unclassified Naga
- v. Zeme
VI. Lolo-Burmese
- A. Burmish
- i. Northern
- ii. Southern
- iii. unclassified Burmish
- B. Loloish
- i. Northern
- a. Lisu
- b. Samei
- c. Yi
- i. Southern
- ii. unclassified Loloish
- i. Northern
- C. Naxi
- D. Phula (unclassified)
VII. Meithei
VIII. Mikir
IX. North Assam
- A. Deng
- B. Tani
X. Nungish
XI. Tangut-Qiang
- A. Qiangic
- B. rGyarong
XII. Tujia
XII. unclassified Tibeto-Burman
XIV. West Bodish
XV. Mru
Bibliography
- Bradley, David. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (No. 14, pp. 1-71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Shafer, Robert. (1966). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 1). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Shafer, Robert. (1967). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 2). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Shafer, Robert. (1968). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 3). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Shafer, Robert. (1970). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 4). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Shafer, Robert. (1974). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 5). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.de:Tibeto-birmanische Sprachen
fr:Tibéto-birman nl:Tibeto-Burmaanse talen sv:Tibetoburmanska språk vi:Hệ ngôn ngữ Hán-Tây Tạng zh:藏緬語族