Tribune
Categories: Roman law | Ancient Roman titles
- This article deals with the ancient Roman offices and ranks of tribune. For the French revolutionary office, see tribunat. For the leftwing UK weekly by that title, see Tribune (magazine). For the architectural term see Tribune (architecture)
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Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Greek form tribounos) was a title shared by several elected magistracies and other governmental and/or (para)military offices of the Roman Republic and Empire. It derived originally from the representatives of the tribes (tribi) into which the Roman people were divided for military and voting purposes.
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Roman magistracies and civilian offices
Tribune of the people
The magistracy of tribune of the people (tribunus plebis) was established in 494 BC, about fifteen years after the foundation of the Roman Republic in 509. The plebeians of Rome seceded as a group until the patricians agreed to the establishment of an office that would have sacrosanctity (sacrosanctitas), the right to be legally protected from any physical harm -- and the right of help (ius auxiliandi), the right to rescue any plebeian from the hands of a patrician magistrate. Later, the tribunes acquired a far more formidable power, the right of intercession (ius intercessio), to veto any act or proposal of any magistrate, including another tribune of the people ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). As the chief representative of the Roman populus, the Tribune's house was required to be open to all at all times, day or night.
The tribune also had the power to exercise capital punishment against any person who interfered in the performance of his duties (the favourite threat of the tribune was therefore to have someone thrown from the Tarpeian Rock). The tribune's sacrosanctity was enforced by a solemn pledge of the plebeians to kill any person who harmed a tribune during his term of office. The Tribune was the only magistrate that was able to convene the Assembly of the People and acted as its President. Also, the Tribune could summon the Senate and lay proposals before it. The tribune's power, however, was only in effect while he was within Rome. His ability to veto did not affect provincial governors, and his right to sacrosanctity and to help only extended to a mile outside the walls of Rome. In about 450 the number of tribunes was raised to ten.
Tribunes were required to be plebeians, and until 421 BC this was the only office open to them. In the late Republic the patrician politician Clodius arranged for his adoption by a plebeian branch of his family, and successfully ran for the tribunate.
Throughout the Republic and its fall, powerful individuals used the tribunes for their personal glory and gain. Clodius and Milo were both tribunes who used violence in the courts and government in order to achieve the needs and requests of Pompey and Caesar. When the Senate refused to grant Caesar Pompey's veterans lands and a further governship of Gaul, he turned to the tribunes with his demands and got them.
Because it was legally impossible for a patrician to be a tribune of the people, the first Roman "emperor", Caesar Augustus, was offered instead all of the powers of the tribunate without actually holding the office (tribunicia potestas or 'Tribunician Power'). This formed one of the two main constitutional bases of Augustus' authority (the other was imperium proconsulare maius). It gave him the absolute right of veto and the authority to convene the Senate. Also, he was sacrosanct, had the authority to veto (ius intercessio), and could exercise capital punishment in the course of the performance of his duties.
Most emperors' reigns were dated by their assumption of tribunicia potestas, though some emperors, such as Tiberius, Titus, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, etc, had already received it during their predecessor's reign. Also, Marcus Agrippa and Drusus II, though never emperors, received tribunicia potestas.
By extension from the technical Roman governmental usage, some modern politicians have been identified as Tribunes of the People.
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Roman military officers
Tribune of the soldiers
Each year the Tribal Assembly elected 24 young men in their late twenties with senatorial ambitions to serve as Tribunes of the Soldiers (tribuni militum). These 24 were distributed six to each of the consuls' four legions as the legions' commanding officers.
All middle-ranking officers of the legions were also titled tribunes, though they were unelected and junior to the tribuni militum. Messala, the villain in the 1880 novel Ben-Hur by Lew Wallace and its 1959 film, was a military tribune.
Cohort commander
- Tribunus Cohortis: commander of military auxiliary unit.
- Tribunus Cohortis Urbanae: urban cohort commander.
Tribune of the treasury
The duties of the tribunes of the treasury (tribuni aerarii) are somewhat shrouded in mystery. Originally they seem to have been the legions' paymasters, though this was hardly an onerous job considering that the legionaries of the Early and Middle Republic were paid through booty from their conquests. By the Late Republic, though, even this task had been taken over by the quaestors.
Various offices
Tribunal: raised platform in front of the HQ used for addressing the troops or administring justice.
Tribunus: senior officer.
Tribunus angusticlavius: "narrow striped officer"; equestrian legionary officer, five to each legion.
Tribunus comitiatus: officer elected as tribunus militum by the comitia.
Tribunus laticlavius: "broadstriped officer"; senatorial legionary officer, second in command of a legion.
Tribunus militum: senior legionary officer.
Tribunus militum a populo: senior legionary officer appointed by popular assembly.
Tribunus rufulus: officer picked by the commander.
Tribunus sexmestris: tribune serving a tour of duty of only six months; note that there is absolutely no evidence at all to identify this officer as commander of the legionary cavalry as sometimes stated in modern literature.
Tribunus vacans: Late Roman unassigned tribune; staff officer.
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bg:Трибун de:Volkstribunat es:Tribuno fr:Tribun de la plèbe he:טריבון la:Tribunus plebis nl:Tribuun ja:護民官 sv:Folktribun zh:保民官