Uranus
(Redirected from Uranus (planet))
- For other uses, see Uranus (disambiguation).
| Image:Uranus.jpg Click image for description | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discovery | |||||||
| Discovered by | William Herschel | ||||||
| Discovered on | March 13, 1781 | ||||||
| Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) | |||||||
| Semi-major axis | 2,870,972,220 km 19.191 263 93 AU | ||||||
| Orbital circumference | 18.029 Tm 120.515 AU | ||||||
| Eccentricity | 0.047 167 71 | ||||||
| Perihelion | 2,735,555,035 km 18.286 055 96 AU | ||||||
| Aphelion | 3,006,389,405 km 20.096 471 90 AU | ||||||
| Orbital period | 30,707.4896 d (84.07 a) | ||||||
| Synodic period | 369.65 d | ||||||
| Orbital speed | 6.795 km/s | ||||||
| Max. orbital speed | 7.128 km/s | ||||||
| Min. orbital speed | 6.486 km/s | ||||||
| Inclination | 0.769 86° (6.48° to Sun's equator) | ||||||
| Longitude of the ascending node | 74.229 88° | ||||||
| Argument of the perihelion | 96.734 36° | ||||||
| Number of satellites | 27 | ||||||
| Physical characteristics | |||||||
| Equatorial diameter | 51,118 km (4.007 Earths) | ||||||
| Polar diameter | 49,946 km (3.929 Earths) | ||||||
| Oblateness | 0.0229 | ||||||
| Surface area | 8.084×109 km2 (15.849 Earths) | ||||||
| Volume | 6.834×1013 km3 (63.086 Earths) | ||||||
| Mass | 8.6832×1025 kg (14.536 Earths) | ||||||
| Mean density | 1.318 g/cm3 | ||||||
| Equatorial gravity | 8.69 m/s2 (0.886 gee) | ||||||
| Escape velocity | 21.29 km/s | ||||||
| Rotation period | −0.718 333 333 d (17 h 14 min 24.000 00 s) 1 | ||||||
| Rotation velocity | 2.59 km/s = 9320 km/h (at the equator) | ||||||
| Axial tilt | 97.77° | ||||||
| Right ascension of North pole | 77.31° (5 h 9 min 15 s) | ||||||
| Declination | +15.175° | ||||||
| Albedo | 0.51 | ||||||
| Cloudtop avg. temp. | 55 K | ||||||
| Surface temp. |
| ||||||
| Adjective | Uranian | ||||||
| Atmospheric characteristics | |||||||
| Atmospheric pressure | 120 kPa (at the cloud level) | ||||||
| Hydrogen | 83% | ||||||
| Helium | 15% | ||||||
| Methane | 1.99% | ||||||
| Ammonia | 0.01% | ||||||
| Ethane | 0.00025% | ||||||
| Acetylene | 0.00001% | ||||||
| Carbon monoxide Hydrogen sulfide | trace | ||||||
Uranus (pronounced either /jəˈɹeɪnəs/ or /ˈjuɹənəs/) is the seventh planet from the Sun. It is a gas giant, the third largest by diameter and fourth largest by mass. It is named after Ouranos, the Greek god of the sky, and progenitor of the other gods. Its symbol is either ♅ (Unicode U+2645, mostly astrological) or Image:X - Uranus B.png (mostly astronomical).
Contents |
Physical characteristics
Composition
Uranus is composed primarily of rocks and various ices, with only about 15% hydrogen and a little helium (in contrast to Jupiter and Saturn which are mostly hydrogen). Uranus (like Neptune) is in many ways similar to the cores of Jupiter and Saturn minus the massive liquid metallic hydrogen envelope. It appears that Uranus does not have a rocky core like Jupiter and Saturn but rather that its material is more or less uniformly distributed. Uranus' cyan color is due to the absorption of red light by atmospheric methane. The surface temperature of Uranus's cloud cover is approximately 55 K (-218 °C or -360 °F).
Axial tilt
One of the most distinctive features of Uranus is its axial tilt of ninety-eight degrees. Consequently, for part of its orbit one pole faces the Sun continually whilst the other pole faces away. At the other side of Uranus' orbit the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed. Between these two extremes of its orbit the Sun rises and sets around the equator normally.
At the time of Voyager 2's passage in 1986, Uranus' south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun. Note that the labelling of this pole as "south" is actually in some dispute. Uranus can either be described as having an axial tilt of slightly more than 90°, or it can be described as having an axial tilt of slightly less than 90° and rotating in a retrograde direction; these two descriptions are exactly equivalent as physical descriptions of the planet but result in different definitions of which pole is the North Pole and which is the South Pole.
One result of this odd orientation is that the polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Uranus is nevertheless hotter at its equator than at its poles, although the underlying mechanism which causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus' extreme axial tilt is also not known. It is speculated that perhaps during the formation of the planet it collided with an enormous protoplanet, resulting in the skewed orientation.
It appears that Uranus' extreme axial tilt also results in extreme seasonal variations in its weather. During the Voyager 2 flyby, Uranus' banded cloud patterns were extremely bland and faint. Recent Hubble Space Telescope observations, however, show a more strongly banded appearance now that the Sun is approaching Uranus' equator. By 2007 the Sun will be directly over Uranus's equator.
Magnetic Field
Uranus' magnetic field is odd in that it is not centered on the center of the planet and is tilted almost 60° with respect to the axis of rotation. It is probably generated by motion at relatively shallow depths within Uranus. Neptune has a similarly displaced magnetic field, suggesting that this is not necessarily a result of Uranus' axial tilt. The magnetotail is twisted by the planet's rotation into a long corkscrew shape behind the planet. The magnetic field's source is unknown; the electrically conductive, super-pressurized ocean of water and ammonia once thought to lie between the core and the atmosphere now appears to be nonexistent.
Discovery and naming of Uranus
Uranus was the first planet to be discovered that was not known in ancient times, although it had been observed on many previous occasions but was always dismissed as simply another star. The earliest recorded sighting was in 1690 when John Flamsteed catalogued it as 34 Tauri. Flamsteed observed Uranus twice again, in 1712 and 1715. Bradley observed it in 1748, 1750 and 1753; Mayer in 1756. Le Monnier observed it four times in 1750, twice in 1768, six times in 1769, and one last time in 1771. He was a victim of his own disorderliness: one of his observations was found consigned on a paper bag used to store hair powder!
Sir William Herschel discovered the planet on March 13, 1781, but reported it on April 26, 1781 as a "comet": Account of a Comet, By Mr. Herschel, F. R. S.; Communicated by Dr. Watson, Jun. of Bath, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Volume 71, pp. 492-501.
Herschel originally named it Georgium Sidus (George's Star) in honour of King George III of England. When it was pointed out that sidus means star and not planet, he rebaptised it the Georgian Planet. In any case, this name was not acceptable outside of Britain. Lalande proposed in 1784 to name it Herschel, at the same time that he created the planet's symbol ("a globe surmounted by your initial"); his proposal was readily adopted by French astronomers. Prosperin, of Uppsala, proposed the names Astraea, Cybele, and Neptune (now borne by two asteroids and a planet). Lexell, of St. Petersburg, compromised with George III's Neptune and Great-Britain's Neptune. Bernoulli, from Berlin, suggested Hypercronius and Transaturnis. Lichtenberg, from Göttingen, chimed in with Austräa, a goddess mentioned by Ovid (but who is traditionally associated with Virgo). The name Minerva was also proposed [1]. Finally, Bode, as editor of the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch, opted for Uranus, after the Greek god; Hell followed suit by using it in the first ephemeris, published in Vienna. Examination of earliest issues of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1827 shows that the name Uranus was already the most common name used even by British astronomers by then, and probably earlier. The name Georgium Sidus or "the Georgian" were still used infrequently (by the British alone) thereafter. The final holdout was HM Nautical Almanac Office, which did not switch to Uranus until 1850.
Exploration of Uranus
NASA's Voyager 2, is the only spacecraft to have visited the planet and no other visits are planned. Launched in 1977, Voyager made its closest approach to Uranus on January 24, 1986, before continuing on its journey to Neptune.
Visibility
The brightness of Uranus is between magnitude +5.5 and +6.0, so it can be seen with the naked eye as a faint star under dark sky conditions. It can be easily found with binoculars. From Earth it has a diameter of 4". Even in large telescopes no details can be seen on its disc.
Appearance
The rings of Uranus
Main article: Rings of Uranus
Uranus has a faint planetary ring system, composed of dark particulate matter up to 10 metres in diameter. This ring system was discovered in March 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Douglas J. Mink, using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The discovery was serendipitous; they planned to use the occultation of a star by Uranus to study the planet's atmosphere, but when they analysed their observations they found that the star had disappeared briefly from view five times both before and after it disappeared behind the planet. They concluded that there must be a ring system around the planet; it was directly detected when the Voyager 2 space probe passed Uranus in 1986.
The moons of Uranus
Main article: Uranus' natural satellites
Uranus has 27 known moons. Names for these moons are chosen from characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. The five main satellites are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon.
For a timeline of discovery dates, see Timeline of natural satellites.
Uranus in fiction
- Mr. Vivenair (a pseudonym) published A Journey Lately Performed Through the Air in an Aerostatic Globe, Commonly Called an Air Balloon, From This Terraquaeous Globe to the Newly Discovered Planet, Georgium Sidus in 1784.
- In the Buck Rogers series (1928–), Uranus is portrayed as having biodomes and robots.
- R. R. Winterbotham's "Clouds over Uranus" was published by Astounding in March of 1937
- In the 1962 film Journey to the Seventh Planet, astronauts on (sic) Uranus encounter a strange intelligence.
- In the Doctor Who (1963–) serial The Daleks' Master Plan, Uranus is described as being the only location in the universe where the mineral Taranium can be acquired.
- In H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos (1928–), Uranus is known as L'gy'hx and is inhabited by cubical metallic many-legged creatures who worship Lrogg. They entered in religious conflict with the Shan. (Ramsey Campbell's The Insects from Shaggai, 1964)
- In the cartoon Sailor Moon (1992–1997), Uranus is the seventh "Sailor Scout".
- In the animated series Futurama (1999–2003), in 2620 the name of Uranus was changed to Urectum to get rid of "That Stupid Joke" once and for all.
- In Wayne W. Dyer's Gifts from Eykis (2002), Eykis is a female from Uranus who imparts wisdom and spirituality to Earth.
External links
- NASA's Uranus fact sheet
- Keck pictures of Uranus show best view from the ground -- Press release with some photographs showing rings, satellites and clouds
| Uranus' natural satellitesedit |
|---|
| Cordelia | Ophelia | Bianca | Cressida | Desdemona | Juliet | Portia | Rosalind | S/2003 U 2 | Belinda |
| S/1986 U 10 | Puck | S/2003 U 1 | Miranda | Ariel | Umbriel | Titania | Oberon | S/2001 U 3 |
| Caliban | Stephano | Trinculo | Sycorax | Margaret | Prospero | Setebos | S/2001 U 2 |
| Our Solar Systemedit |
| Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth (Moon) | Mars | Asteroid belt |
| Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | Pluto | Kuiper belt | Scattered disc | Oort cloud |
| See also astronomical objects and the solar system's list of objects, sorted by radius or mass |
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