Volga Bulgaria
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Categories: Volga Bulgaria | Former monarchies | Former countries in Europe | Tatarstan history | Tatars | Turkic peoples | History of Russia
| History of Tatarstan |
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| Great Bulgaria |
| Khazars |
| Volga Bulgaria |
| Kipchaks |
| Mongol invasion |
| Golden Horde |
| Khanate of Kazan |
| Muscovy |
| Kazan governorate |
| Idel-Ural State |
| Tatar ASSR |
| Republic of Tatarstan |
Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is a historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now the Russian Federation. Today, Republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are considered to be descendants of Bulgaria in terms of territory and ethnicity.
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Origin
First-hand information on Volga Bulgaria is rather sparse. As no authentic Bulgarian records have survived, most of our information comes from contemporary Arabic, Persian, or Russian sources. Some information is provided by excavations.
It is thought that the territory of Volga Bulgaria was originally settled by the Finno-Ugric peoples. The Turkic Bulgars moved into the area in about 660, commanded by Kotrag Khan, Kubrat's son. Some Bulgarian tribes, however, continued westward and after many adventures settled along the Danube River, in what is now known as Bulgaria proper.
Most scholars agree that the Volga Bulgarians were subject to the great Khazarian Empire. Sometime in the late 9th century unification processes started, and the capital was established at Bolğar (also spelled Bulgar) city, 160 km south from modern Kazan. Most scholars doubt, however, that the state could assert independance from the Khazars until the latter were annihilated by Svyatoslav of Rus in 965.In order to promote unity among warring tribes and to obtain a powerful ally in his struggle with the Khazars, Almas Khan of Bulgaria wrote a letter to the Khalif asking him for learned men and priests who could read Quran and build mosques. On May 11, 922 the khan welcomed the Baghdad missionary Ahmad ibn Fadlan, and 4 days later a tribal assembly proclaimed Islam the official religion of the state.
Heyday
A large part of Bulgarian population was Turkic and included Bulgars, Suars, Barsil, Bilars, Baranjars and part of Burtas (by ibn Rustah). Modern Chuvashes and Kazan Tatars descend from the Volga Bulgars, although linguistic evidence suggests that the Chuvashes represent an earlier Turkic ethnos, which may be connected to the Huns. Another part comprised Finnic and Magyaric (Asagel and Pascatir) tribes, from which Bisermäns and Tatars probably descend.
The head of Volga Bulgaria was iltäbär (sometimes elteber). After the Islamization his title became sheikh. The known eltebers are: Almış (Almas), Mikail bine Cäğfär (Mikaul ibn Jafar), Mö'mim bine Äxmäd (Mumin ibn Ahmad), Mö'min bine âl-Xäsän (Mumin ibn al-Hasan), Talib bine Äxmäd (Talib ibn Ahmad).
Commanding the Volga River in its middle course, the state controlled much of trade between Europe and Asia prior to the Crusades (which made other trade routes practicable). The capital, Bulgar, was a thriving city, rivalling in size and wealth the greatest centres of Islamic world. Trade partners of Bolghar included form Viking, Bjarmland, Yugra and Nenets at the north to Baghdad and Constantinople an the south, from Western Europe to China at the East. Other major cities included Bilär, Suar (Suwar), Qaşan (Kashan) and Cükätaw (Juketaw). Modern cities Kazan and Yelabuga were founded as Bulgaria's border fortresses.Some of Bulgarian cities still aren't found, but they are mentioned in Russian sources. There are: Aşlı (Oshel), Tuxçin (Tukhchin), İbrahim (Bryakhimov), Taw İle. Some of them were ruined after and during the Mongol invasion.
It is Russian principalities to the west that posed the only tangible military threat. In the 11th century, the country was devastated by several Russian raids. Then, at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, the rulers of Vladimir (notably Andrew the Pious and Vsevolod III), anxious to defend their eastern border, systematically pillaged Bulgarian cities. Under Slavic pressure from the west, the Bulgarians had to move their capital from Bolghar to Bilär.
Decline
Main article: Mongol invasion of Volga BulgariaIn 1223, an advance guard of Genghis Khan's army entered Bulgaria but was fought back. In 1236, the Mongols returned but it took them 5 years to subjugate the whole country. Thenceforth Volga Bulgaria became a part of the Ulus Jochi, later known as the Golden Horde. It was divided into several principalities; later each of them became a vassal of the Golden Horde and received some autonomy. By the 1430s, the Khanate of Kazan was established as the most important of these principalities.
See also
de:Wolgabulgaren ru:Волжская Булгария tt:İdel buyı Bolğar däwläte